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We explore the collective phase dynamics of Wien-bridge oscillators coupled resistively. We carefully analyze the behavior of two coupled oscillators, obtaining a transformation from voltage to effective phase. From the phase dynamics we show that the coupling can be quantitatively described by Sakaguchi's modification to the Kuramoto model. We also examine an ensemble of oscillators whose frequencies are taken from a flat distribution within a fixed frequency interval. We characterize in detail the synchronized cluster, its initial formation, as well as its effect on unsynchronized oscillators, all as a function of a global coupling strength.

English, L.Q., Zhuwei Zeng, and David Mertens. Experimental Study of Synchronization of Coupled Electrical Self-Oscillators and Comparison to the Sakaguchi-Kuramoto Model. Physical Review E 92, no. 5 (2015): e052912.