Horn flies are a common pest to cattle in agroecosystems resulting in economic losses of hundreds of millions (USD) to farmers annually. Their populations can be controlled through the use of insect growth regulators (IGRs),...
The beef industry endures major economic losses from a complex of flies that feed on bovine blood and mucus. For cattle on pasture, the most important of these pests are horn flies (Haematobia irritans [L.] [Diptera: Muscidae])...