Howard, Gregory J. and Webster, Thomas F.

Background: Epidemiologists and toxicologists face similar problems when assessing interactions between exposures, yet they approach the question very differently. The epidemiologic definition of “interaction” leads to the...

Article

Howard, Gregory J., Schlezinger, Jennifer J., Hahn, Mark E., and Webster, Thomas F.

Background: Predicting the expected outcome of a combination exposure is critical to risk assessment. The toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach used for analyzing joint effects of dioxinlike chemicals is a special case of...

Article

Howard, Gregory J. and Webster, Thomas F.

Environmentally relevant toxic exposures often consist of simultaneous exposure to multiple agents. Methods to predict the expected outcome of such combinations are critical both to risk assessment and to an accurate judgment...

Article