Howard, Gregory J.

Decisions on chemical substitution are made rapidly and by many stakeholders; these decisions may have a direct impact on consumer exposures, and, when a hazard exists, to consumer risks. Flame retardants (FRs) represent...

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Howard, Gregory J. and Webster, Thomas F.

Background: Epidemiologists and toxicologists face similar problems when assessing interactions between exposures, yet they approach the question very differently. The epidemiologic definition of “interaction” leads to the...

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Schlezinger, Jennifer J., Howard, Gregory J., Hurst, Christopher H., Emberley, Jessica K., Waxman, David J., Webster, Thomas, and Sherr, David H.

The common commercial use of phthalate esters has resulted in significant human exposure to these bioactive compounds. The facts that phthalate ester metabolites, like endogenous PGs, are peroxisome proliferator-activated...

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Howard, Gregory J., Schlezinger, Jennifer J., Hahn, Mark E., and Webster, Thomas F.

Background: Predicting the expected outcome of a combination exposure is critical to risk assessment. The toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach used for analyzing joint effects of dioxinlike chemicals is a special case of...

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Howard, Gregory J. and Webster, Thomas F.

Environmentally relevant toxic exposures often consist of simultaneous exposure to multiple agents. Methods to predict the expected outcome of such combinations are critical both to risk assessment and to an accurate judgment...

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Vieira, Verónica M., Howard, Gregory J., Gallagher, Lisa G., and Fletcher, Tony

Background: Location is often an important component of exposure assessment, and positional errors in geocoding may result in exposure misclassification. In rural areas, successful geocoding to a street address is limited...

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